The number, skill and pay level, and location of the jobs will vary depending upon the scale, location, and stage of the project. Nevertheless, it appears that subjective impressions of the noise from wind turbines are not totally idiosyncratic. However, an important issue to consider, especially when studying noise, is that its perception and the degree to which it is considered objectionable depend on individuals exposed to it.Shadow flicker caused by wind turbines can be an annoyance, and its effects need to be considered during the design of a wind-energy project. Maintenance or removal of poorly functioning turbines can be important.Turbine noise usually is most critical within a half-mile of a project.
Finally and most important, this process helps to inform the regulatory process about whether a proposed project is acceptable as designed, potentially acceptable with appropriate mitigation techniques, or unacceptable. Areas specifically considered to be highly sensitive include roads providing access to highly sensitive recreation sites (i.e., sites where a natural environment, non-motorized use, and quiet are characteristic); National Scenic or Recreation Trails; heavily used seasonal trails through areas recognized as scenic attractions; significant recreational streams; water bodies with heavy fishing, boating, swimming, and other uses highly dependent on viewing scenery; wilderness and primitive areas; and observation sites along highly sensitive travelways.SOURCE: Adapted from Visual Management System (USFS 1974) and the later Scenery Management System (USFS 1995).Sensitivity Level 2 areas (“moderately sensitive locations”) include roads and trails on National Forest recreation maps that are not Level 1 or Level 3 and water bodies receiving low to moderate use.Sensitivity Level 3 areas (least sensitive areas) include travelways constructed primarily for non-recreation purposes such as timber access roads and utility line clearings, and areas where uses primarily depend little on scenic viewing (e.g., hunting or gathering fuel wood, Christmas trees, or berries).In analyzing impacts on historic, sacred, and archeological sites, the primary concern is that no permanent harm should be done that would affect the integrity of the site. 2003).
Processes exist for determining the relative visual quality of landscapes, the features that contribute to visual quality, and the sensitivity levels of particular landscape features and their uses. There were few studies that addressed the potential impact of turbine noise on clinically apparent health outcomes. These issues need to be addressed broadly, not only singling out aesthetic concerns.Wind-energy projects can be compatible with many recreational activities, but concerns may arise when they are close to recreational activities for which the enjoyment of natural scenery is an important part of the experience.
Moreover, flicker is observed only for a few weeks in the winter season. In addition, methods for assessing noise levels produced by wind turbines located in various terrains, such as mountainous regions, need further development.Noise produced by wind turbines generally is not a major concern for humans beyond a half-mile or so because various measures to reduce noise have been implemented in the design of modern turbines. Field inventories also are necessary to document descriptive characteristics of the view. of all possible human impacts from wind-energy projects. Part of the positive image many people hold is linked to wind energy’s “green image” and spe-Currently (late 2006), the most common commercial turbines being installed in the United States are 1.5 MW machines, usually 65-80 meters tall to the center of the rotor with rotor diameters of around 70 meters.
Therefore, the movement of the receiver and the topography—including both natural and unnatural obstacles—have a major impact on the quality of the signal. For example, we have not addressed potentially significant social impacts on community cohesion, sometimes exacerbated by differences in community make-up (e.g., differences in values and in amounts and sources of wealth between newcomers and long-time residents). 1986; Priestley 2006).Among the best known and established methods for evaluating the scenic attributes of landscapes are the Visual Management System (USFS 1974) and the later Scenery Management System (USFS 1995) established by the U.S. Forest Service (USFS). Many current analyses of their economic impacts are fueled by enthusiasm or skepticism. Taken together, the costs to a small, rural government have the potential to be significant.The developer and the local government should have a clear mutual understanding of both the basis for tax revenues and what public expenditures are expected to make the project possible.Through electromagnetic interference (EMI), wind-energy projects conceivably can have negative impacts on various types of signals important to human activities: television, radio, microwave/radio fixed links, cellular phones, and radar.EMI is electromagnetic (EM) disturbance that interrupts, obstructs, or otherwise degrades or limits the effective performance of electronics or electrical equipment. Generally, the documentation of historic sites offers useful guidance to the value of the surrounding landscape to the interpretation of the resource, although the final determination probably should be done by experts. These are outlined in Visual impacts vary considerably depending on the particular characteristics of the project and its landscape context. These would include detailed information about the visibility of the proposed project and simulations (photomontages) from sensitive viewing areas. Both mechanical and aerodynamic noise often are loud enough to be heard by people.With older downwind turbines, some infrasound also is emitted each time a rotor blade interacts with the disturbed wind behind the tower, but it is believed that the energy at these low frequencies is insufficient to pose a health hazard (BWEA 2005). Nevertheless, even beautiful objects may not be desirable in one’s current surroundings. According to the Epilepsy Foundation, only frequencies above 10 Hz are likely to cause epileptic seizures. This work on understanding the effect of atmospheric stability conditions and on sitespecific terrain conditions and their effects on noise needs to be accounted for in noise standards.
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