This becomes apparent when Amir describes his view of a “cluster of mud houses, beyond them nothing but broad sky and mountains like jagged teeth.” (Hosseini, 263). The Khyber Pass is a significant link between the two countries, Afghanistan and Pakistan. the north side). Mujahideen forces would often learn of coming offensives in advance from their compatriots in the DRA army. They were armed only with antiquated rifles and had not constructed any defensive works but laid mines on the only road. The purpose of this report is to help the reader gain a better understanding of the different regions of the country, particularly the various landmarks, cities, terrain, and the climate, and demonstrate how the author has blended this information with the plot to maintain the overall integrity of the story. The Salang Pass became a dangerous area, and Soviet truck drivers were even awarded decorations for having successfully crossed it. These battles saw some of the most violent fighting of the whole war. the-kite-runner-af-khaled-hobeini 1/4 Downloaded from www.liceolefilandiere.it on January 19, 2021 by guest [Book] The Kite Runner Af Khaled Hobeini If you ally craving such a referred the kite runner af khaled hobeini ebook that will pay for you worth, acquire the enormously best seller from us currently from several preferred authors. The population of this city consists mostly of Pashtuns. The Panjshir Valley lies 70 km north of Kabul, in the Hindu Kush mountains close to the Salang Pass, which connects Kabul to the northern areas of Afghanistan and further on to Uzbekistan, then part of the Soviet Union. While motorized rifle battalions, preceded by reconnaissance units, attacked the dominating features at the entrance of the valley, airborne units were airlifted by helicopter behind the main Mujahideen defenses. [1] The pressure on the logistic system determined the Soviet command to try and dislodge the rebels. While Andropov had supported the ceasefire, Chernenko, a disciple of Brezhnev, believed that the guerrillas should be rooted out through military action, an opinion which he shared with Babrak Karmal, president of the DRA. They established three main bases at Rukha, Bazarak and Anava. Using this essay writing service is legal and is not prohibited by any university/college policies. What one can learn from this report is the significance of accurately connecting the research to the plot, themes, and the characters of the novel. "Profile: The Lion of Panjshir," BBC News online. [28], In 1986, Mikhail Gorbachev announced his intention of withdrawing the Soviet contingent from Afghanistan. In February 1984, Konstantin Chernenko replaced Yuri Andropov as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 76) It is also important to note that the greater of precipitation falls between December and April (i.e. Throughout the history, Khyber Pass has been given a lot of importance due to its adventurous route through the mountains. While researching, certain probing questions were also gathered. Once a key base for the Mujahideen during the fight against the Soviet Union in the 1980’s and 90’s, the Valley - made its own province in 2004 - is now one of the most agriculturally productive regions in the country. The plan for the operation was prepared in secret by a small number of 40th Army officers. Before conducting the research, there were certain expectations and goals that were set. All rights reserved. Compare Zontes ZT155-U1 and Freedom Runner Kite specs, colors, reviews and ratings. The 8th offensive was a follow-up to the 7th, involving mostly airborne forces. He attended elementary school in 1951, the Army School in 1957, and subsequently travelled to the Soviet Union for further education. [5], The Mujahideen numbered only 1,000 according to Soviet intelligence or no more than 200 according to Afghan sources. About half-way between West Egg and New York the motor road hastily joins the railroad and runs beside it for a quarter of a mile, so as to shrink away from a certain desolate area of land. [27], Initiated hours after the raid, the Soviet counter-attack installed a new garrison in Peshgur, and pursued the retreating Mujahideen. They were the targets for Massoud's counterattacks. [5] It was the largest offensive in the region to date.[19]. This tactic had some success as in order to rebuild his organization Massoud was forced to sign a cease fire treaty in January 1983 that would last for one year. In Kabul, schools close in the winter and the boys fly kites in their spare time. For instance, at lower levels of altitude, rainfall reaches to about 7 inches, and for Kabul specifically, it approximately reaches 13 inches. Much of the valley was occupied, but the Soviets paid a heavy price; many soldiers were killed by mines and in ambushes. However, some Soviets, who were supporters of Andropov, disagreed with this policy, and they gave Massoud advance warning of the attack. Panjshir in the Mirror of Civilization (32) My name is Sayed Hussain Yousafi, from Mata, Khinch, and Panjshir Province, Afghanistan.I was born in 25-10-1977.We migrated to Kabul I do not know the exact year. However, as a rule attrition among the Mujahideen was low,[14] and the brunt of the attacks fell on the civilian population, who suffered heavily, many of them preferring to flee the valley. The Kite Runner has many flaws but also strengths that make this book such an emotional and inspiring book to read. Khyber Pass – One of the famous landmarks of Afghanistan is the Khyber Pass, which extends from Kabul (Afghanistan) to Peshawar (Pakistan). POSTPONED. This tactic proved costly, and the attack force penetrated only 25 km into the valley before retiring, after having suffered 100 casualties.[10]. Khaled Hosseini’s novel The Kite Runnerderives its name from an ancient Afghan hobby of dueling with kites. Once armored personnel carriers and helicopters came the guerrillas would retreat into the side valleys and carry out small ambushes rather than openly confront the Soviets. This was presented as the real attack to the Afghan Army staff, which included Mujahideen sympathizers, and who then leaked the plan to the resistance. The Panjshir offensives (Russian: Панджшерские операции – Panjsher Operations) were a series of battles between the Soviet Army and groups of Afghan Mujahideen under Ahmad Shah Massoud for the control of the strategic Panjshir Valley, during the Soviet–Afghan War in the period from 1980 to 1985.. A single moment in time defined him and has been affecting him for the last twenty-six years. On April 22, after a two-day bombardment of the region by Tu-16, Tu-22M and Su-24 bombers,[22] they advanced rapidly into the Panjshir. These operations, along with the continued harassment of Soviet garrisons and resupply convoys, proved that the Mujahideen were far from defeated, and convinced the Soviets that they must negotiate a truce with Massoud. The Mujahideen admitted to 25 killed in their own ranks but claimed to have inflicted 500 casualties on their opponents and shot down several helicopters. The Valley is known for its overwhelming scenery and “is located about 60 miles from Kabul and stretches for 62 miles to the Anjoyman Pass.” (South Asia Tourism Society) The Valley is now somewhat damaged due to the civil war between the Soviets and the Taliban. Regional geography of any setting that is used in a novel is one of the most important factors that author must conduct research about. The advance proceeded up the valley, capturing Bazarak after a fight and overrunning Massoud's headquarters in Pasishah-Mardan where various documents were found. From the Panjshir, Mujahideen groups frequently carried out ambushes against Soviet convoys bringing supplies to the 40th Army stationed in Afghanistan. It is signifigant because a kite is what makes him smile. [26] The prisoners had been marched into the mountains, where the Mujahideen claimed they were killed by a Soviet aerial bombardment, a claim others dubbed suspicious. (3) This part of the country is gifted with tall snow covered peaks with sharp gorges and desolate slopes. Kite fighting is a key cultural element of The Kite Runner that temporarily yet drastically improves the relationship between Amir and his father, Baba. Heavy snowfall is recorded at altitudes of 5000 feet caused by the occasional blizzards from the northwest region of the country. [13] However, most of the rebels had escaped capture, and this was not the decisive victory the Soviets had been hoping for. Saved by Anne Martin. During this offensive, the Soviets managed to occupy a large part of the Panjshir and scored some successes against Massoud's organization, such as the capture of a list of the names of 600 of his agents in Kabul. His father, Dost Mohammad Khan, was a colonel in the Royal Afghan Army. There are numerous occasions in the novel, which describe the natural as well as the human elements of the different regions of Afghanistan. In some areas the fighting was intense: when a Soviet paratrooper regiment landed east of Rukha, it was quickly encircled and suffered significant losses. The foundations serve today for a modern reservoir. [21] Only ambush parties were left to delay the Soviet advance. For example, Jalalabad is described in the story due to its use by the refugees who escaped Afghanistan because of the civil war. Beginning on August 28, a new offensive, dubbed Panjshir I, was carried out by Afghan and Soviet troops. The beleaguered paratroopers were saved only by the arrival of a motorised rifle battalion led by Major Aushev, who forced his way through the Mujahideen defenses, consisting of well-located strong points, and captured Rukha. The first major offensive was carried out by a force of 12,000 Afghan and Soviet soldiers under the command of General Norat Ter-Grigoryants with 320 armoured vehicles, 155 artillery pieces, and supported by 104 helicopters and 26 airplanes. The forts and outposts along the Panjshir Valley were unable to protect roads and convoys as well as they had hoped and these installations proved attractive targets for the Mujahideen to harass. Ontdek (en bewaar!) Abdul Hamid Muhtat, son of Mohamad Akram was born in Bazarak district of Panjshir Province in 1944. Based on Khaled Hosseini’s international best-selling novel, is a powerful story has been adapted into a stunning new stage production. Khyber Pass – One of the famous landmarks of Afghanistan is the Khyber Pass, which extends from Kabul (Afghanistan) to Peshawar (Pakistan). In The Kite Runner, the reader can see that the author has worked hard not only to give quantitative facts about the geography of Afghanistan, but also the qualitative features of the subtopics that this report has explored. For his actions, Aushev was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.[5]. 30 likes. We’ll occasionally send you promo and account related emails. Yousaf and Adkin reported in 1992 that the Soviet forces involved included the 180th Motor Rifle Regiment, battalions of the 66th Motor Rifle Brigade and 191st Motor Rifle Regiment, a regiment of the 103rd Guards Airborne Division, a battalion of the 345th Independent Guards Airborne Regiment, accompanied by Afghan forces including the 8th Division, the 20th Division, and the 37th Commando Brigade. It is the entrance towards various Afghan valleys such as the Laghman and the Kunar valley. During the 5th and 6th offensives the Soviets suffered up to 3,000 casualties, and 1,000 Afghan Army soldiers defected to the Mujahideen.[15]. Once the strength of Massoud's forces were dealt such a deadly blow, rather than withdrawing from the valley as they had previously done they began setting up a system of forts and posts throughout the main valley while relinquishing control of the side valleys. The Hindu Kush extends from the middle of Afghanistan over to Tajikistan. This particular fact is clearly shown in The Kite Runner when Amir says that “in Kabul, it rarely rained in the summer.” (Hosseini, 138) The lower parts of the country are especially the victims of warm, desert-like environment. The operation lasted 21 days. Here we see Amir describing his escape to Pakistan through the Khyber Pass due to the Soviet invasion. For this reason they decided to launch a sixth offensive. features compare. One thing I really liked about the book was how the author used a lot of literary devices which made the reading experience more fun and these devices allowed me as a reader to better understand and connect with the characters and the plot. The Panjshir offensives (Russian: Панджшерские операции – Panjsher Operations) were a series of battles between the Soviet Army and groups of Afghan Mujahideen under Ahmad Shah Massoud for the control of the strategic Panjshir Valley, during the Soviet–Afghan War in the period from 1980 to 1985. The fort at Rokha was finally evacuated on December 27, and the operation ended two days later, leaving the valley mostly under rebel control. je eigen pins op Pinterest. Dismounted Soviet and DRA troops engaged the Mujahideen on the heights around the town in an effort to break the siege. Panjshir in the Mirror of Civilization (Part 34) General Bismillah Khan was born in 1965 in Rokha District, Panjshir Province.He has completed his primary education in Panjshir than he moved to Kabul.. Bismillah Khan was one Ahmad Shah Masood's top commanders during the Soviet war as well as with their fight against the Taliban in the North, and near Kabul. Runner Kite+ is Assemble/Made in Bangladesh. Like “There is only one sin, only one. The Kite Runner begins with our thus-far nameless protagonist explaining that the past cannot be forgotten. Babrak Karmal completed a propaganda visit to the Panjshir, which for some time had become a safe zone. We see Hosseini taking this fact into account as well when he mentions that “they had fought in the Panjshir Valley for two years…” (Hosseini, 294). This bike is powered by 110 engine which generates Maximum power 4.8 Kw @ 7500 rpm and its maximum torque is 7 N.m @ 5500 rpm. It involved three Soviet battalions, of which one was the fourth battalion of the 56th Guards Air Assault Brigade led by Captain Leonid Khabarov, and 1000 men of the Afghan army and security forces. Negotiated by Massoud in person with a colonel of the GRU, Anatoly Tkachev,[5] the agreement stipulated that Soviet troops should evacuate the Panjshir, except for a small garrison at Anava, whose access was controlled by the Mujahideen. Has the author accurately described the topography of Afghanistan? Panjshir, Afghanistan. In order to deceive the Mujahideen a diversionary attack up the Ghorband valley was planned. But I didn’t care. I ran” ― Khaled Hosseini tags: the-kite-runner. View The kite runner.docx from HUMA 1780 at York University. A grown man running with a swarm of screaming children. Amir’s words implicitly demonstrate one of the major themes of the novel, The Kiter Runner. The name Panjshir, literally meaning "Five Lions", refers to five Wali (literally, protectors), highly spiritual brothers who were centered in the valley. These tactics proved more effective at rooting out insurgents and breaking up their fighting forces during the offensive but had limited long term success. When Amir says, “I tried to keep my eyes glued to the snowcapped Hindu Kush on the north side,” (Hosseini 293) we can see the importance of direction he mentions (i.e. This is evident when Amir describes, “I find…the rooftops, and the hills buried under a foot of snow.” (Hosseini, 61) The Rainfall is contingent on the country’s altitude. The Panjshir Valley (also spelled Panjsheer or Panjsher; Persian: درهٔ پنجشير ‎ – Dare-ye Panjšēr; literally Valley of the Five Lions) is a valley in north-central Afghanistan, 150 kilometres (93 mi) north of Kabul, near the Hindu Kush mountain range. The group escorting the captured Afghan officers was caught in the open by Soviet helicopters, and in the ensuing fight most of the prisoners were killed, with both sides projecting on each other the responsibility for the incident. This is shown by Hosseini as he describes a neighbourhood through Amir’s perspective. [2] It was these kinds of tactics that caused so much destruction in the civilian populations in these regions. In a series of surprise attacks, several government outposts fell to the rebels. On November 8, a convoy of government trucks escorted by Soviet armoured vehicles reached the besieged post. To avoid civilian casualties, all 30,000 inhabitants of the Panjshir (from a population of 100,000 before the war) were evacuated to safe areas. In The Kite Runner, Khaled Hosseini demonstrates his research of Afghanistan’s geography as he describes the different landmarks, cities, terrain, and the annual climate of Kabul through Amir’s perspective. Not only could civilians and guerrillas move safely out of the way of the majority of the bombs but guerrillas could also plan ambushes, lay mines, and move weapons caches. The author makes an accurate use of this fact when Kabul is invaded by the Soviet Union and Amir is forced to migrate to Pakistan with his father. Airborne Troops carried out search and destroy missions, encircling Massoud's mobile units and destroying some of them. This importance is shown in The Kite Runner when the author states that “the Khyber Pass was as famous for its terrain as for the bandits who used that terrain to rob travelers” (Hosseini, 301). One of Massoud's subcommanders was killed and the surrounding villages suffered heavily from indiscriminate bombing by Soviet aircraft, but the siege continued. [5], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}35°16′00″N 69°28′00″E / 35.2667°N 69.4667°E / 35.2667; 69.4667, Panjshir VII – April 19 to September 1984, 345th Independent Guards Airborne Regiment, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, "Soviets leveling Afghanistan's Panjshir valley", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panjshir_offensives&oldid=971608787, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Soviet withdrawal; Mujahideen reoccupation of Panjshir Valley, This page was last edited on 7 August 2020, at 05:12. The first was the Afghan Army outpost at Saricha, which the Mujahideen captured along with 80 prisoners and 8 tanks, despite having to cross a minefield. In addition, the accurate description of the Panjshir Valley also helps the reader understand the impact of the civil war on the regional geography of Afghanistan. I started my primary school in Mirman-Khajo, which was located in Old City (Shar-e-Kona) of Kabul.In 1988, we migrated to Peshawar Pakistan, Khurasan Camp. [4], The first Soviet operation in Panjshir took place in April 1980, just four months after the arrival of Soviet forces in Afghanistan. Similar to Afghanistan’s tumultuous history, Afghan kite flying involves mid-air duels between rivals. (Ellicot and Gall, 3) Furthermore, the central highlands formed by the Hindu Kush are extensions of the Himalayas. The following quote represents this demonstration: “He was taking us to Jalalabad about 170 kilometers southeast of Kabul…to drive us across the Khyber Pass and into Peshawar” (Hosseini, 142). Some consider Kabul to be still “in rubble” as it was a victim of 2 decades of conflict between the Taliban and the Soviet Union. This also contributes to the reader’s understanding of the kind of impact the civil war had on the cities and the lifestyle of the people that lived in those cities. (4) In The Kite Runner, Hosseini mentions some crucial details about the Hindu Kush. For example, “at lower altitudes, the winter is pleasant but the heat in summer is intense.” (Encyclopedia Britannica, 75) There is almost no rain from June to October due to the existence of high mountains to the south. Throughout the history, Khyber Pass has been given a lot of importance due to its adventurous route through the mountains. [5] The Soviet units involved were the 108th Motor Rifle Division, 201st Motor Rifle Division, the 103rd Guards Airborne Division, who each contributed one regiment, the 66th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, elements of the 860th Separate Motor-Rifle Regiment, the 191st Separate Motor-Rifle Regiment and the 345th Independent Guards Airborne Regiment. Get an answer for 'In chapter 25 of "The Kite Runner", I need to know the importance of this passage on page 391: "I ran. Every ... , The Kite Runner. In June 1979, an insurrection led by Ahmed Shah Massoud expelled all government forces, and the valley became a guerrilla stronghold. Jalalabad – The city of Jalalabad is where major trade transactions take place and is situated near the famous landmark, the Khyber Pass. Soviet offensives into the Panjshir Valley had three main tactical features. It included for the first time a heliborne landing by air assault troops. Most of the Mujahideen had survived the attack and Massoud divided them into small, mobile groups that fought the Soviets all down the valley. the winter season). This is shown in the novel as Amir signifies the coming of spring by stating, “most of the snow had melted and the hills in the north were already dotted with patches of green grass.” (Hosseini, 114) As it is shown by the quotes, one can see the effort the author has put in to correctly show the patterns in the climate of Kabul. [8], The final operation of 1980 began on December 12. Hollowed-out caves were used as supply depots and shelters. Massoud took advantage of the truce to extend his influence over areas that had until then been held by hostile factions loyal to Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's Hezb-i-islami party, like in Andarab District. The Kite Runner. [3] The bottom line though was that these victories were temporary. As Amir travels through Afghanistan, the author uses this as an opportunity to tell the reader about various landmarks that are prominent in the country, the different cities, and other relevant information related to the topography of Afghanistan. [6], The first operation had installed a garrison of Afghan troops in a fort in the town of Rokha, but they quickly came under siege by the Mujahideen and suffered constant losses from harassing fire. However, this figure was debatable “because of the large numbers of returning refugees after the fall of the Taliban government in 2001.” (Behnke, 15) The older portion of the city still contains houses with walls made of mud bricks and metal roofs. Pakistan, and Afghanistan sharing what is known as the “Safe Koh range,” a part of the Hindu Kush reaching heights of 16,000 ft (4877m). Massoud, who expected an attack similar to the previous ones, had disposed his defenses close to the entrance of the valley, and was thus unable to prevent the Soviets from gaining footholds in the Panjshir. Since the Hindu Kush run from the east to the southwest, they will be found on the north side of Kabul, which is exactly what Amir mentions in his quote. Khyber Pass’ terrain is known as steep and narrow “at 1020 metres elevation, where the Khyber River (Khyber Khwar) leaves the pass to the south.” (South Asia Tourism Society) Due to the Afghan civil war, Refugees used Khyber Pass as their escape route into Pakistan. These expectations were primarily based on gaining an idea of how much research is necessary in the creation of a novel, and how the author uses the information to describe the setting of the story. Summary. It was accompanied by a heavy aerial bombardment of villages suspected of harbouring rebel groups, notably carried out by Tu-16 bombers flying from inside the Soviet Union. In January 1983, for the first time a ceasefire was concluded between the Soviets and the Mujahideen, lasting 6 months, and later extended. Afghanistan Geography Mountains Country Nature Travel Naturaleza Rural Area Destinations. Eventually, in September, the Soviet-DRA forces once again evacuated the Panjshir Valley, leaving occupying forces only in the lower Panjshir.[18]. The highest altitude on land is Mount Nowshak with an estimated height of 7,485 meters (24, 558ft), whereas the lowest point on land is Amu Darya River with an estimated height of 258 meters (846ft). A kite was exactly what Amir and Hassan had smiled over as kids, and a kite is what Amir and Sohrab began to regain their trust through. How has the author used the information on different cities of Afghanistan? During the nine campaigns launched, coordinated Soviet assaults would regularly drive out the Mujahideen from the valley but they would return as soon as the Soviets left. This importance is shown in The Kite Runner when the author states that “the Khyber Pass was as famous for its terrain as for the bandits wh… Copyright © 2021 CustomWritings. During one battle, on April 30 in the Hazara Valley, the 1st Battalion of the 682nd Motor Rifle Regiment was decimated: the losses of Soviet troops were estimated at 60 killed. Panjshir Valley. By the early years of the 21st century, the city’s population was approximately two million. When Amir and Baba, both were being transported to Peshawar due to Soviet invasion, the author demonstrates the fact that Jalalabad is a city that refugees most likely encounter when escaping to Peshawar through the Khyber Pass. The area covered by the ceasefire included the Panjshir valley, but not the Salang pass, where fighting continued.[17]. The History Of Soweto Uprising History Essay, Emergence Of Turkish Nationalism History Essay, Unrestricted Capitalism In The Gilded Age History Essay, CustomWritings – Professional Academic Writing Service, Tips on How to Order Essay. Khabarov was injured in the fighting, taking a bullet to the forearm. Also, their heavily fortified bases only gave them control over the valley floor, while the surrounding heights were still held by the Mujahideen. Zontes ZT155-U1 vs Freedom Runner Kite. The last Soviet and Afghan troops present in the lower Panjshir were finally evacuated in June 1988. Runner Kite+ can runs 80 KM per hour and it burns fuel 60 KM per Liter (approx). Kite Runner Viewings and Assignment #1 posted Nov 28, 2010, 2:04 PM by Erika Bowen ... Sunni Hazaras living near the Panjshir Valley, Pashtu-speaking Shias in Kandahar, Dari-speaking Pashtuns in Kabul, and Pashtu-speaking Tajiks in Wardak. The climate in Afghanistan has been said to be very unstable. Despite provocations ordered by Najibullah's government to draw the Soviets into further fighting, the situation generally remained calm, enabling Massoud to carry out his "strategic offensive", capturing much of Baghlan and Takhar provinces. from east to west. Panjshir Valley, Afghanistan. Several battalion strength forces were placed at key passes leading out of the Panjshir Valley while at the same time large helicopter troop landings were made in tributary valleys connected to the Panjshir.
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